Newborn jaundice is a common condition characterized by a yellowing of the skin and sclerae due to elevated bilirubin levels. While it is often benign and resolves within a week, early detection and proper care are essential to prevent complications such as kernicterus.
Causes and Risk Factors Bilirubin is produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. In newborns, the liver is immature and may struggle to process bilirubin efficiently. Common causes of jaundice include physiological immaturity, breastfeeding challenges, blood group incompatibilities, and infections. Risk factors are prematurity, low birth weight, maternal anemia, and delayed feeding.
Recognizing Symptoms Parents should watch for yellow discoloration starting on the face and spreading downward, irritability, poor feeding, and lethargy. In severe cases, jaundice may cause decreased responsiveness, seizures, or abnormal breathing patterns. Early observation is key: symptoms usually appear within the first 24–48 hours of life.
Screening and Diagnosis Most hospitals screen newborns with a transcutaneous bilirubinometer or a blood draw to measure total serum bilirubin. A threshold is set based on the infant’s age in hours and risk factors. If levels exceed the safe range, further evaluation and monitoring are warranted.
Treatment Options The first line of treatment is phototherapy, where the baby is placed under special blue lights that convert unconjugated bilirubin into water‑soluble forms, which are then excreted. For very high bilirubin levels or cases of hemolytic disease, a bile exchange transfusion may be necessary. Supportive care includes ensuring adequate feeding, maintaining hydration, and monitoring bilirubin trends.
Prevention and Caregiver Guidance Frequent feeding encourages bilirubin excretion. Breastmilk contains substances that promote bile flow, and early, regular feeds reduce the risk of dehydration. Parents should keep the baby’s skin clear of oils or lotions that may impede bilirubin absorption. Routine bilirubin checks are typically performed at 24, 48, and 72 hours post‑birth.
When to Seek Medical Help Consult a pediatrician immediately if the baby is:
- Yellowing within the first 24 hours after birth,
- Shows signs of lethargy, vomiting, or poor feeding,
- Has a yellow tongue, eyes, or palms, or
- Experiences seizures or abnormal breathing.
Understanding newborn jaundice empowers caregivers to act promptly. With routine monitoring, appropriate feeding, and timely medical intervention, most infants recover fully without lasting effects.